Because mesothelioma lays dormant before it exhibits any form of symptoms, benign varieties of this condition are extremely rare. As asbestos particles accumulate in the stomach or lung lining, the thin membrane of cells that surround the exterior of the internal organs attempts to destroy the foreign invader. Tumors form on these membranes and in some cases press against the lungs or stomach, causing extreme pain. Fortunately, a benign tumor is easily remedied with surgery to remove the cancerous tissues. The only major complication of surgery is possible pleural effusion, which refers to pleural fluid leaking into the cavity around the lung, but it too is easily drained and not directly life threatening.
Benign mesothelioma tumor investigation.
Even though benign mesothelioma is not directly life threatening, it does reveal significant asbestos exposure. Doctors often use the appearance of benign mesothelioma as the launching point for an investigation to discover if a patient has any other asbestos-related conditions.
Benign mesothelioma tumor is non-cancerous.
Even though the tissue of a benign tumor is non-cancerous, it can still pose a threat to health if left untreated. Other serious asbestos conditions, such as asbestosis or benign pleural diseases, still pose serious threats to health and well being.
source:www.resource4mesothelioma.com
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Raleted vidoes
Benign Mesothelioma
Benign Mesothelioma Oakland Asbestos Disease Lawyers
Asbestos Effects
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Malignant Mesothelioma Symptoms and Info
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that is generally the result of being exposed to asbestos. Treatment is available but the disease typically has a poor prognosis.
Mesothelioma is a relatively rare cancer caused by asbestos exposure. When asbestos fibers are inhaled they become lodged the membranes that surround the lungs, heart or abdomen. Over a period of time these fibers cause tissue abnormalities, resulting in mesothelioma cancer.
Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Early symptoms of mesothelioma include shortness of breath, chest pain, persistent cough, weight loss and/or general flu symptoms. Because the symptoms are vague enough to be thought of as flu by the patient, diagnosis is often delayed. Some patients show no symptoms at all.
Since only a qualified medical doctor can make a definitive diagnosis, patients who suspect mesothelioma or a serious health condition should undergo a thorough medical examination.
Chances of Being Cured of Mesothelioma
Because diagnosis often comes too late, the prognosis is not good. Mesothelioma is a serious disease - the average survival time is about one year after diagnosis, according to the National Cancer Institute. A cure often depends on finding a doctor who is experienced treating mesothelioma, taking the initiative to find as much information as possible and exploring all the treatment options to make the best decision regarding treatment.
Chemotherapy and Surgery for Mesothelioma
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs or a combination of chemotheraphy drugs such as Cisplatin combined with Alimta are said to be effective chemotheraphy treatment. Cisplatin treatment is often used for malignant mesothelioma patients who are not good candidates for surgery.
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Surgery: A doctor will carefully evaluate a patient before surgery. Patients undergo surgery to remove the majority of the cancerous mesothelioma cells with chemotheraphy treatment to follow in an attempt to kill off the remaining cells.
Palliative surgical procedures are sometimes performed in an attempt to lessen the symptoms for a patient when it is almost certain that there is no hope of recovery from mesothelioma.
Malignant Mesothelioma - Survival Rates
Indicators of a better prognosis include:
Diagnosis made when the patient is under the age of 65,
Absence of chest pain,
Presence of symptoms more than six months before diagnosis. This may be an indication of a less aggressive form of mesothelioma, according to Dr. Michael Milano.
Good performance status (that is a measurement of well-being based on ability to work, care for self, etc).
Asbestos Cancer Victims
As mentioned, most people who develop mesothelioma get it because of exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is resistant to heat, fire and chemicals and does not conduct electricity, so it has been used in many construction projects and in other uses through the years.
A person's risk of developing mesothelioma depends on how much asbestos that person has been exposed to and for how long. Many people have taken legal action because their working conditions have not been safe, compounding the risk of contracting this often fatal disease.
More Articles on Cancer that may Interest the Reader:
How to Identify Breast Cancer Symptoms
Alternative Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Source:
asbestos.net, article "Mesothelioma Overview", Dr. Michael Milano, information retrieved 24 October 2009
The copyright of the article Malignant Mesothelioma Symptoms and Info in Cancer is owned by Fleur Hupston. Permission to republish Malignant Mesothelioma Symptoms and Info in print or online must be granted by the author in writing.
Malignant Mesothelioma Affects the Lungs
Mesothelioma Symptoms Include Flu Symptoms
Pleural Mesothelioma
Asbestos Cancer Mesothelioma
Asbestos Linked to Mesothelioma
Read more: http://cancer.suite101.com/article.cfm/malignant_mesothelioma_symptoms_and_info#ixzz0UckpDoTy
raleted Vidoes
Malignant Epithelioid Mesothelioma
Malignant Mesothelioma Mortality In United States 1999-2005
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma - Mesothelioma of Peritoneum
Mesothelioma is a relatively rare cancer caused by asbestos exposure. When asbestos fibers are inhaled they become lodged the membranes that surround the lungs, heart or abdomen. Over a period of time these fibers cause tissue abnormalities, resulting in mesothelioma cancer.
Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Early symptoms of mesothelioma include shortness of breath, chest pain, persistent cough, weight loss and/or general flu symptoms. Because the symptoms are vague enough to be thought of as flu by the patient, diagnosis is often delayed. Some patients show no symptoms at all.
Since only a qualified medical doctor can make a definitive diagnosis, patients who suspect mesothelioma or a serious health condition should undergo a thorough medical examination.
Chances of Being Cured of Mesothelioma
Because diagnosis often comes too late, the prognosis is not good. Mesothelioma is a serious disease - the average survival time is about one year after diagnosis, according to the National Cancer Institute. A cure often depends on finding a doctor who is experienced treating mesothelioma, taking the initiative to find as much information as possible and exploring all the treatment options to make the best decision regarding treatment.
Chemotherapy and Surgery for Mesothelioma
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs or a combination of chemotheraphy drugs such as Cisplatin combined with Alimta are said to be effective chemotheraphy treatment. Cisplatin treatment is often used for malignant mesothelioma patients who are not good candidates for surgery.
Ads by Google
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Latest Advances for Glioblastoma Multiforme - Yours Free.
www.glioblastoma-info.comErrant Gene Therapeutics
Developing therapies to treat life- threatening rare diseases
www.errantgene.com
Surgery: A doctor will carefully evaluate a patient before surgery. Patients undergo surgery to remove the majority of the cancerous mesothelioma cells with chemotheraphy treatment to follow in an attempt to kill off the remaining cells.
Palliative surgical procedures are sometimes performed in an attempt to lessen the symptoms for a patient when it is almost certain that there is no hope of recovery from mesothelioma.
Malignant Mesothelioma - Survival Rates
Indicators of a better prognosis include:
Diagnosis made when the patient is under the age of 65,
Absence of chest pain,
Presence of symptoms more than six months before diagnosis. This may be an indication of a less aggressive form of mesothelioma, according to Dr. Michael Milano.
Good performance status (that is a measurement of well-being based on ability to work, care for self, etc).
Asbestos Cancer Victims
As mentioned, most people who develop mesothelioma get it because of exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is resistant to heat, fire and chemicals and does not conduct electricity, so it has been used in many construction projects and in other uses through the years.
A person's risk of developing mesothelioma depends on how much asbestos that person has been exposed to and for how long. Many people have taken legal action because their working conditions have not been safe, compounding the risk of contracting this often fatal disease.
More Articles on Cancer that may Interest the Reader:
How to Identify Breast Cancer Symptoms
Alternative Treatment for Prostate Cancer
Source:
asbestos.net, article "Mesothelioma Overview", Dr. Michael Milano, information retrieved 24 October 2009
The copyright of the article Malignant Mesothelioma Symptoms and Info in Cancer is owned by Fleur Hupston. Permission to republish Malignant Mesothelioma Symptoms and Info in print or online must be granted by the author in writing.
Malignant Mesothelioma Affects the Lungs
Mesothelioma Symptoms Include Flu Symptoms
Pleural Mesothelioma
Asbestos Cancer Mesothelioma
Asbestos Linked to Mesothelioma
Read more: http://cancer.suite101.com/article.cfm/malignant_mesothelioma_symptoms_and_info#ixzz0UckpDoTy
raleted Vidoes
Malignant Epithelioid Mesothelioma
Malignant Mesothelioma Mortality In United States 1999-2005
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma - Mesothelioma of Peritoneum
Mesothelioma Types
Mesothelioma is caused by long-term, repeated exposure to asbestos fibers. The disease is generally found in four different forms: pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, and testicular. In each case, the cancer develops in mesothelial cells, which form the membranous linings that surround and protect organs. The different names for each type of mesothelioma refer to the point of origin of the cancer.
Mesothelial membranes are made up of two different layers, called the parietal and visceral layers. Parietal layers are outer layers, and these typically cover large areas such as the chest cavity (in the case of pleural and pericardial membranes) and the abdominal cavity (as in the case of peritoneal membranes). Visceral layers are those that cover organs such as the lungs and heart. Mesothelioma develops in these membranes when asbestos fibers become trapped in the spaces between mesothelial cells.
Mesothelioma is a particularly aggressive type of asbestos cancer, and is highly resistant to treatment, resulting in very high mortality rates and poor prognosis for people diagnosed with the disease. In general, pleural mesothelioma responds more positively to treatment, particularly if the disease is diagnosed early. However, all forms of mesothelioma are difficult to diagnose, and unfortunately, it is common for the disease to be diagnosed too late for treatment to be effective.
The type of mesothelioma a patient is diagnosed with will invariably determine the treatment plan suggested by their doctor. A myriad of treatment options are available for patients diagnosed with all types of mesothelioma and a comprehensive packet detailing the options will be provided overnight to those interested who fill out this form.
Pleural MesotheliomaPleural mesothelioma develops in the mesothelial lining of the lungs, which is known as the pleura. About 75 percent of all mesothelioma cases are pleural.
Symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include difficulty swallowing, a persistent dry cough, persistent chest pain, or pain when breathing, and difficulty breathing even when resting. These mesothelioma symptoms result from pressure on the lungs and respiratory system, caused by thickening of the pleural membrane and fluid build-up between membrane layers. As the cancer advances, lumps may develop under the skin of the chest.
Diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma involves imaging tests such as chest x-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, and may also include biopsies that remove tissue and fluid to test for the presence of cancer cells. These tests also help determine the stage of the cancer and the options available for treatment. Generally, patients in stage one and two mesothelioma are good candidates for surgery, whereas patients in stages three and four have more limited treatment options, and may only be able to receive palliative treatments.
Peritoneal MesotheliomaPeritoneal mesothelioma develops in the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity. This is a relatively rare form of mesothelioma; approximately 10 to 20 percent of all mesothelioma cases are peritoneal in nature.
Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include pain or swelling of the abdomen, changes in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea), unexplained weight loss, and nausea or vomiting. These symptoms are caused by thickening of peritoneal membranes and fluid build-up, which puts pressure on internal organs and prevents normal function of some organs. As the cancer advances, people with peritoneal mesothelioma may notice lumps developing under the skin of the abdomen.
Diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma involves imaging tests such as CT scans and MRIs, as well as biopsies of fluid and tissue to detect the presence of mesothelioma cells. There is currently no recognized staging process for peritoneal mesothelioma.
Peritoneal mesothelioma is problematic in terms of treatment, because the cancer can spread quickly throughout the peritoneum and often metastasizes more quickly than other types of mesothelioma. In some cases surgery is possible, but this is typically a palliative treatment option.
Pericardial MesotheliomaPericardial mesothelioma develops in the membrane that surrounds the heart, also known as the pericardium. This is a very rare form of mesothelioma, occurring in only 1 to 5 percent of cases. This form of mesothelioma is also very difficult to treat.
Symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma include irregular heartbeat or palpitations, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. These are caused by the pressure put on the heart by the build-up of fluid in the spaces between pericardial membrane layers.
It is very rare for pericardial mesothelioma to be diagnosed early enough for any form of treatment to be effective, and pericardial mesothelioma patients typically have an extremely poor prognosis. In very rare cases, the cancer may be diagnosed early enough for surgery to have a positive effect; however, the proximity of this cancer to the heart makes such surgery a high-risk mesothelioma treatment option.
Testicular MesotheliomaTesticular mesothelioma is the rarest of all mesothelioma cancers, as less than one hundred cases have been recorded. This type of mesothelioma develops in the lining that surrounds the testicles, known as the tunica vaginalis.
Due to the extreme rarity of testicular mesothelioma, very little has been noted about its symptoms and the treatment options available. Often, the disease is not diagnosed until patients notice the appearance of testicular lumps. In some cases, surgery for an unrelated condition such as a hernia leads to the detection of testicular mesothelioma.
If the primary tumor has developed in the testicles, treatment involves removal of part or the entire affected testicle, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In many cases the testicular tumor is secondary, and the primary cancer is located in the peritoneum. In these cases, treatment follows established patterns for peritoneal mesothelioma in addition to removal of testicular tumors.
Sources:
Dodson, R. and Hammar, S. Asbestos: Risk Assessment, Epidemiology, and Health Effects. Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton. 2006.
Castleman, B. Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects. Aspen Publishers: New York. 2005.
http://www.umm.edu/thoracic/mesothelioma.htm
http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=4473
http://www.cancer.org/downloads/PUB/DOCS/SECTION28/89.pdf
http://www.marf.org/Resources/UnderstandingMeso/MesoDetails.html
http://sup.ultrakohl.com/Uscap/uscap05/meso3.htm
Name:
Address:
City, State, Zip:
Phone Number:
Email:
Diagnosis:
Select... Mesothelioma Lung Cancer Asbestosis Severe Asbestosis Unknown
Comments:
Nutrition & Dieting for CancerLearn what foods to eat, which to avoid, and the best supplements for the fight against cancer and chemotherapy recovery.
Veterans AssistanceAsbestos.com's Veterans Assistance Department can help you with questions about veterans and asbestos-related illnesses or about potential benefits.
Naval Ships Index
Search through our extensive list of ships that used asbestos-containing products.
(e.g. USS Alabama BB 60)
Mesothelioma BooksTwo must read books for anyone who has or who is caring for someone with mesothelioma.
Get a Free Copy of Lean on Me or 100 Questions & Answers About Mesothelioma.Enroll in our NewsletterReceive a copy of our monthly newsletter
with the latest clinical trials, survivor stories,
doctor profiles, and more.Feature Story
"Success in Mesothelioma Treatment:
Dr. Robert Cameron"Mesothelioma News
Mesothelioma Blog and Cancer Forums Offer Support to Patients
10/29/2009 - In an effort to find support along their cancer journey, many mesothelioma patients turn to mesothelioma blogs and online cancer forums that help them..
Mesothelioma Grant Research Helps to Find a Cure
10/27/2009 - Since there is no cure for mesothelioma cancer, research grants are extremely important in the fight to discover a cure for this rare disease. A recen..
Mesothelioma Case: Plaintiffs File Suit against 84 Companies
10/26/2009 - In a recent asbestos suit filed in Jefferson County District Court in Texas, plaintiffs are seeking compensation for either developing an asbestos-rel..
source : http://www.asbestos.com
Causes of Mesothelioma
Early Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Living with Mesothelioma
Mesothelial membranes are made up of two different layers, called the parietal and visceral layers. Parietal layers are outer layers, and these typically cover large areas such as the chest cavity (in the case of pleural and pericardial membranes) and the abdominal cavity (as in the case of peritoneal membranes). Visceral layers are those that cover organs such as the lungs and heart. Mesothelioma develops in these membranes when asbestos fibers become trapped in the spaces between mesothelial cells.
Mesothelioma is a particularly aggressive type of asbestos cancer, and is highly resistant to treatment, resulting in very high mortality rates and poor prognosis for people diagnosed with the disease. In general, pleural mesothelioma responds more positively to treatment, particularly if the disease is diagnosed early. However, all forms of mesothelioma are difficult to diagnose, and unfortunately, it is common for the disease to be diagnosed too late for treatment to be effective.
The type of mesothelioma a patient is diagnosed with will invariably determine the treatment plan suggested by their doctor. A myriad of treatment options are available for patients diagnosed with all types of mesothelioma and a comprehensive packet detailing the options will be provided overnight to those interested who fill out this form.
Pleural MesotheliomaPleural mesothelioma develops in the mesothelial lining of the lungs, which is known as the pleura. About 75 percent of all mesothelioma cases are pleural.
Symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include difficulty swallowing, a persistent dry cough, persistent chest pain, or pain when breathing, and difficulty breathing even when resting. These mesothelioma symptoms result from pressure on the lungs and respiratory system, caused by thickening of the pleural membrane and fluid build-up between membrane layers. As the cancer advances, lumps may develop under the skin of the chest.
Diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma involves imaging tests such as chest x-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, and may also include biopsies that remove tissue and fluid to test for the presence of cancer cells. These tests also help determine the stage of the cancer and the options available for treatment. Generally, patients in stage one and two mesothelioma are good candidates for surgery, whereas patients in stages three and four have more limited treatment options, and may only be able to receive palliative treatments.
Peritoneal MesotheliomaPeritoneal mesothelioma develops in the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity. This is a relatively rare form of mesothelioma; approximately 10 to 20 percent of all mesothelioma cases are peritoneal in nature.
Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include pain or swelling of the abdomen, changes in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea), unexplained weight loss, and nausea or vomiting. These symptoms are caused by thickening of peritoneal membranes and fluid build-up, which puts pressure on internal organs and prevents normal function of some organs. As the cancer advances, people with peritoneal mesothelioma may notice lumps developing under the skin of the abdomen.
Diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma involves imaging tests such as CT scans and MRIs, as well as biopsies of fluid and tissue to detect the presence of mesothelioma cells. There is currently no recognized staging process for peritoneal mesothelioma.
Peritoneal mesothelioma is problematic in terms of treatment, because the cancer can spread quickly throughout the peritoneum and often metastasizes more quickly than other types of mesothelioma. In some cases surgery is possible, but this is typically a palliative treatment option.
Pericardial MesotheliomaPericardial mesothelioma develops in the membrane that surrounds the heart, also known as the pericardium. This is a very rare form of mesothelioma, occurring in only 1 to 5 percent of cases. This form of mesothelioma is also very difficult to treat.
Symptoms of pericardial mesothelioma include irregular heartbeat or palpitations, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. These are caused by the pressure put on the heart by the build-up of fluid in the spaces between pericardial membrane layers.
It is very rare for pericardial mesothelioma to be diagnosed early enough for any form of treatment to be effective, and pericardial mesothelioma patients typically have an extremely poor prognosis. In very rare cases, the cancer may be diagnosed early enough for surgery to have a positive effect; however, the proximity of this cancer to the heart makes such surgery a high-risk mesothelioma treatment option.
Testicular MesotheliomaTesticular mesothelioma is the rarest of all mesothelioma cancers, as less than one hundred cases have been recorded. This type of mesothelioma develops in the lining that surrounds the testicles, known as the tunica vaginalis.
Due to the extreme rarity of testicular mesothelioma, very little has been noted about its symptoms and the treatment options available. Often, the disease is not diagnosed until patients notice the appearance of testicular lumps. In some cases, surgery for an unrelated condition such as a hernia leads to the detection of testicular mesothelioma.
If the primary tumor has developed in the testicles, treatment involves removal of part or the entire affected testicle, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In many cases the testicular tumor is secondary, and the primary cancer is located in the peritoneum. In these cases, treatment follows established patterns for peritoneal mesothelioma in addition to removal of testicular tumors.
Sources:
Dodson, R. and Hammar, S. Asbestos: Risk Assessment, Epidemiology, and Health Effects. Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton. 2006.
Castleman, B. Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects. Aspen Publishers: New York. 2005.
http://www.umm.edu/thoracic/mesothelioma.htm
http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=4473
http://www.cancer.org/downloads/PUB/DOCS/SECTION28/89.pdf
http://www.marf.org/Resources/UnderstandingMeso/MesoDetails.html
http://sup.ultrakohl.com/Uscap/uscap05/meso3.htm
Name:
Address:
City, State, Zip:
Phone Number:
Email:
Diagnosis:
Select... Mesothelioma Lung Cancer Asbestosis Severe Asbestosis Unknown
Comments:
Nutrition & Dieting for CancerLearn what foods to eat, which to avoid, and the best supplements for the fight against cancer and chemotherapy recovery.
Veterans AssistanceAsbestos.com's Veterans Assistance Department can help you with questions about veterans and asbestos-related illnesses or about potential benefits.
Naval Ships Index
Search through our extensive list of ships that used asbestos-containing products.
(e.g. USS Alabama BB 60)
Mesothelioma BooksTwo must read books for anyone who has or who is caring for someone with mesothelioma.
Get a Free Copy of Lean on Me or 100 Questions & Answers About Mesothelioma.Enroll in our NewsletterReceive a copy of our monthly newsletter
with the latest clinical trials, survivor stories,
doctor profiles, and more.Feature Story
"Success in Mesothelioma Treatment:
Dr. Robert Cameron"Mesothelioma News
Mesothelioma Blog and Cancer Forums Offer Support to Patients
10/29/2009 - In an effort to find support along their cancer journey, many mesothelioma patients turn to mesothelioma blogs and online cancer forums that help them..
Mesothelioma Grant Research Helps to Find a Cure
10/27/2009 - Since there is no cure for mesothelioma cancer, research grants are extremely important in the fight to discover a cure for this rare disease. A recen..
Mesothelioma Case: Plaintiffs File Suit against 84 Companies
10/26/2009 - In a recent asbestos suit filed in Jefferson County District Court in Texas, plaintiffs are seeking compensation for either developing an asbestos-rel..
source : http://www.asbestos.com
Causes of Mesothelioma
Early Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Living with Mesothelioma
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Peritoneal mesothelioma a deadly cancer of the abdomen
peritoneal mesothelioma can be defined as a cancer that affects the lining of the abdomen. It occurs in the tissues lining the abdominal cavity that contain a fluid that enables the organs to move and work properly. It is a cancer and purely cancer which is associated with asbestos exposure a mineral belonging to the amphibole group used in making fireproof articles. Asbestos exposure can cause severe health complications.
Peritoneal mesothelioma is also known or referred to as diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma as this is the place where the cancer spreads out. Among asbestos related diseases peritoneal mesothelioma is the most common cancer.
Peritoneal mesothelioma can be very fatal in many cases if improper diagnosis and treatment is done. The latency period is very long [ten to fifty years] and most of the time it is diagnosed when the disease is well spread into the body. Mesothelioma can affect any part and organ of the body if not detected on time.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Symptoms
Symptoms of perotoneal mesothelioma may not appear soon after exposure to asbestos. It may take a long period of time and may be clear after a long time.
1 Most of the symptoms resemble that of flu 2 Stomach pains 3 fever 4 Abdominal swelling may occur 5 Due to swelling of abdomen extreme pain in the internal organs may take place 6 Shortness of breath accompanied by a persistent cough due to build up of fluid between the lining of the lungs and the chest cavity known as pleural effusion.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Sources
the main source or cause of people developing peritoneal mesothelioma is Asbestos . Asbestos is a material used in shipyards and industries. Asbestos adds to the durability and fire resistance quality and gives strength to products and protects them against corrosion. Inhalation of asbestos can be serious and fatal in many cases. It causes the scar tissues to develop on lower lobes of both lungs leading to minor cuts and lacerations in tissue. It can impair lung elasticity and the lung's ability to sufficiently exchange gases.
Diagnosis of Peritoneal mesothelioma
One of the major obstacles in diagnosing peritoneal mesothelioma lies in its symptoms resembling flu with fever and other symptoms. Many patients and doctors are unable to recognize the disease unless the tumors of peritoneal mesothelioma cause severe adnominal swelling and pain.
The diagnosis may be based on X- ray or CT scan. In both these methods of diagnosis detailed images of the body are taken in which the complete picture of the body becomes clear and the doctor is able to identify where the cancerous cells are located.
atimes an exploratory surgery is also carried out based on the doctor's prescription. Also a biopsy is carried out in which a sample of the cells is taken from the affected portion of the body and it tested under the microscope to check for abnormal growth. A blood test is also done to rule out possibilities of other diseases and ailments.
luwoye-olajide temitope gbenga is an expert in symptoms and diagnosis of perotineal
soruce:http://healthanytime.blogspot.commesotheliomaMesothelioma Symposium 2009 - Cancer and the Immune System, Andrew Haas, MD, PhD
Julie Brahmer, MD - Pleural Mesothelioma - 2009 Mesothelioma Foundation Symposium
Mesothelioma Foundation Symposium - John Chabot, MD - Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Resource - Dr. James F. Pingpank
Peritoneal mesothelioma is also known or referred to as diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma as this is the place where the cancer spreads out. Among asbestos related diseases peritoneal mesothelioma is the most common cancer.
Peritoneal mesothelioma can be very fatal in many cases if improper diagnosis and treatment is done. The latency period is very long [ten to fifty years] and most of the time it is diagnosed when the disease is well spread into the body. Mesothelioma can affect any part and organ of the body if not detected on time.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Symptoms
Symptoms of perotoneal mesothelioma may not appear soon after exposure to asbestos. It may take a long period of time and may be clear after a long time.
1 Most of the symptoms resemble that of flu 2 Stomach pains 3 fever 4 Abdominal swelling may occur 5 Due to swelling of abdomen extreme pain in the internal organs may take place 6 Shortness of breath accompanied by a persistent cough due to build up of fluid between the lining of the lungs and the chest cavity known as pleural effusion.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Sources
the main source or cause of people developing peritoneal mesothelioma is Asbestos . Asbestos is a material used in shipyards and industries. Asbestos adds to the durability and fire resistance quality and gives strength to products and protects them against corrosion. Inhalation of asbestos can be serious and fatal in many cases. It causes the scar tissues to develop on lower lobes of both lungs leading to minor cuts and lacerations in tissue. It can impair lung elasticity and the lung's ability to sufficiently exchange gases.
Diagnosis of Peritoneal mesothelioma
One of the major obstacles in diagnosing peritoneal mesothelioma lies in its symptoms resembling flu with fever and other symptoms. Many patients and doctors are unable to recognize the disease unless the tumors of peritoneal mesothelioma cause severe adnominal swelling and pain.
The diagnosis may be based on X- ray or CT scan. In both these methods of diagnosis detailed images of the body are taken in which the complete picture of the body becomes clear and the doctor is able to identify where the cancerous cells are located.
atimes an exploratory surgery is also carried out based on the doctor's prescription. Also a biopsy is carried out in which a sample of the cells is taken from the affected portion of the body and it tested under the microscope to check for abnormal growth. A blood test is also done to rule out possibilities of other diseases and ailments.
luwoye-olajide temitope gbenga is an expert in symptoms and diagnosis of perotineal
soruce:http://healthanytime.blogspot.commesotheliomaMesothelioma Symposium 2009 - Cancer and the Immune System, Andrew Haas, MD, PhD
Julie Brahmer, MD - Pleural Mesothelioma - 2009 Mesothelioma Foundation Symposium
Mesothelioma Foundation Symposium - John Chabot, MD - Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Resource - Dr. James F. Pingpank
Causes of mesothelioma: 16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the causes of Mesothelioma.
Asbestosis: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)) Asbestosis results from the inhalation of respirable asbestos fibers (50 microns or more in length and 0.5 microns or less in diameter), which assume a longitudinal orientation in the airway and move in the direction of airflow. The fibers penetrate respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls. Sources include the mining and milling of asbestos, the construction industry, and the fireproofing and textile industries. Asbestos was also used in the production of paints, plastics, and brake and clutch linings.
Asbestos-related diseases develop in families of asbestos workers as a result of exposure to fibrous dust shaken off workers’clothing at home. Such diseases develop in the general public as a result of exposure to fibrous dust or waste piles from nearby asbestos plants, but exposures for occupants of typical buildings are quite low and not in a range associated with asbestosis.
Inhaled fibers become encased in a brown, proteinlike sheath rich in iron (ferruginous bodies or asbestos bodies), found in sputum and lung tissue. Interstitial fibrosis develops in lower lung zones, causing obliterative changes in lung parenchyma and pleurae. Raised hyaline plaques may form in parietal pleura, diaphragm, and pleura contiguous with the pericardium.
Asbestosis occurs in 4 of every 10,000 people.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Introduction: Malignant Neoplasms: What causes cancer?
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)) Researchers have found that cancer develops from mutations within the genes of cells. Thus, cancer is a genetic disease. Cancer susceptibility genes are of two types. Some are oncogenes, which activate cell division and influence embryonic development, and some are tumor suppressor genes, which halt cell division.
These genes are typically found in normal human cells, but certain kinds of mutations may transform the normal cells. Inherited defects may cause a genetic mutation, whereas exposure to a carcinogen may cause an acquired mutation. Current evidence indicates that carcinogenesis results from a complex interaction of carcinogens and accumulated mutations in several genes.
In animal studies of the ability of viruses to transform cells, some human viruses exhibit carcinogenic potential. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus, the cause of infectious mononucleosis, has been linked to Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer.
High-frequency radiation, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, damages the genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), possibly inducing genetically transferable abnormalities. Other factors, such as a person's tissue type and hormonal status, interact to potentiate radiation's carcinogenic effect. Examples of substances that may damage DNA and induce carcinogenesis include:
❑alkylating agents — leukemia
❑aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene (from polluted air) — lung cancer
❑asbestos — mesothelioma of the lung
❑tobacco — cancer of the lung, oral cavity and upper airways, esophagus, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder
❑vinyl chloride — angiosarcoma of the liver.
Diet has also been implicated, especially in the development of GI cancer as a result of a high animal fat diet. Additives composed of nitrates and certain methods of food preparation — particularly charbroiling — are also recognized factors.
The role of hormones in carcinogenesis is still controversial, but it seems that excessive use of some hormones, especially estrogen, produces cancer in animals. Also, the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol causes vaginal cancer in some daughters of women who were treated with it. It's unclear, however, whether changes in human hormonal balance retard or stimulate cancer development.
Some forms of cancer and precancerous lesions result from genetic predisposition either directly (as in Wilms' tumor and retinoblastoma) or indirectly (in association with inherited conditions such as Down syndrome or immunodeficiency diseases). Expressed as autosomal recessive, X-linked, or autosomal dominant disorders, their common characteristics include:
❑early onset of malignant disease
❑increased incidence of bilateral cancer in paired organs (breasts, adrenal glands, kidneys, and eighth cranial nerve [acoustic neuroma])
❑increased incidence of multiple primary malignancies in nonpaired organs
❑abnormal chromosome complement in tumor cells.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Malignant spinal neoplasms: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)) Primary tumors of the spinal cord may be extramedullary (occurring outside the spinal cord) or intramedullary (occurring within the cord itself). Extramedullary tumors may be intradural (meningiomas and schwannomas), which account for 60% of all primary malignant spinal cord neoplasms, or extradural (metastatic tumors from breasts, lungs, prostate, leukemia, or lymphomas), which account for 25% of these malignant neoplasms.
Intramedullary tumors, or gliomas (astrocytomas or ependymomas), are comparatively rare, accounting for only about 10%. In children, they're low-grade astrocytomas.
Spinal cord tumors are rare compared with intracranial tumors (ratio of 1:4). They occur equally in men and women, with the exception of meningiomas, which occur mostly in women. Spinal cord tumors can occur anywhere along the length of the cord or its roots.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases
source: http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com
Causes of Mesothelioma
Lung Cancer Overview
Symptoms of Asbestos Lung Cancer
Asbestosis: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)) Asbestosis results from the inhalation of respirable asbestos fibers (50 microns or more in length and 0.5 microns or less in diameter), which assume a longitudinal orientation in the airway and move in the direction of airflow. The fibers penetrate respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls. Sources include the mining and milling of asbestos, the construction industry, and the fireproofing and textile industries. Asbestos was also used in the production of paints, plastics, and brake and clutch linings.
Asbestos-related diseases develop in families of asbestos workers as a result of exposure to fibrous dust shaken off workers’clothing at home. Such diseases develop in the general public as a result of exposure to fibrous dust or waste piles from nearby asbestos plants, but exposures for occupants of typical buildings are quite low and not in a range associated with asbestosis.
Inhaled fibers become encased in a brown, proteinlike sheath rich in iron (ferruginous bodies or asbestos bodies), found in sputum and lung tissue. Interstitial fibrosis develops in lower lung zones, causing obliterative changes in lung parenchyma and pleurae. Raised hyaline plaques may form in parietal pleura, diaphragm, and pleura contiguous with the pericardium.
Asbestosis occurs in 4 of every 10,000 people.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Introduction: Malignant Neoplasms: What causes cancer?
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)) Researchers have found that cancer develops from mutations within the genes of cells. Thus, cancer is a genetic disease. Cancer susceptibility genes are of two types. Some are oncogenes, which activate cell division and influence embryonic development, and some are tumor suppressor genes, which halt cell division.
These genes are typically found in normal human cells, but certain kinds of mutations may transform the normal cells. Inherited defects may cause a genetic mutation, whereas exposure to a carcinogen may cause an acquired mutation. Current evidence indicates that carcinogenesis results from a complex interaction of carcinogens and accumulated mutations in several genes.
In animal studies of the ability of viruses to transform cells, some human viruses exhibit carcinogenic potential. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus, the cause of infectious mononucleosis, has been linked to Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer.
High-frequency radiation, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, damages the genetic material known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), possibly inducing genetically transferable abnormalities. Other factors, such as a person's tissue type and hormonal status, interact to potentiate radiation's carcinogenic effect. Examples of substances that may damage DNA and induce carcinogenesis include:
❑alkylating agents — leukemia
❑aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene (from polluted air) — lung cancer
❑asbestos — mesothelioma of the lung
❑tobacco — cancer of the lung, oral cavity and upper airways, esophagus, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder
❑vinyl chloride — angiosarcoma of the liver.
Diet has also been implicated, especially in the development of GI cancer as a result of a high animal fat diet. Additives composed of nitrates and certain methods of food preparation — particularly charbroiling — are also recognized factors.
The role of hormones in carcinogenesis is still controversial, but it seems that excessive use of some hormones, especially estrogen, produces cancer in animals. Also, the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol causes vaginal cancer in some daughters of women who were treated with it. It's unclear, however, whether changes in human hormonal balance retard or stimulate cancer development.
Some forms of cancer and precancerous lesions result from genetic predisposition either directly (as in Wilms' tumor and retinoblastoma) or indirectly (in association with inherited conditions such as Down syndrome or immunodeficiency diseases). Expressed as autosomal recessive, X-linked, or autosomal dominant disorders, their common characteristics include:
❑early onset of malignant disease
❑increased incidence of bilateral cancer in paired organs (breasts, adrenal glands, kidneys, and eighth cranial nerve [acoustic neuroma])
❑increased incidence of multiple primary malignancies in nonpaired organs
❑abnormal chromosome complement in tumor cells.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Malignant spinal neoplasms: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition)) Primary tumors of the spinal cord may be extramedullary (occurring outside the spinal cord) or intramedullary (occurring within the cord itself). Extramedullary tumors may be intradural (meningiomas and schwannomas), which account for 60% of all primary malignant spinal cord neoplasms, or extradural (metastatic tumors from breasts, lungs, prostate, leukemia, or lymphomas), which account for 25% of these malignant neoplasms.
Intramedullary tumors, or gliomas (astrocytomas or ependymomas), are comparatively rare, accounting for only about 10%. In children, they're low-grade astrocytomas.
Spinal cord tumors are rare compared with intracranial tumors (ratio of 1:4). They occur equally in men and women, with the exception of meningiomas, which occur mostly in women. Spinal cord tumors can occur anywhere along the length of the cord or its roots.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases
source: http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com
Causes of Mesothelioma
Lung Cancer Overview
Symptoms of Asbestos Lung Cancer
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
Mesothelioma Treatment Options - Drug Therapy (including chemotherapy)
Traditional Chemotherapy:
This traditional approach uses special anti-cancer (cytotoxic) medicines and chemicals to try to kill the malignant cells. Often, it is offered as an additional therapy alongside radical surgery and/or in combination with radiation therapy or immunotherapy, particularly when the cancer has spread beyond an operable area. Many drugs have been tried; however all have met with only limited success against malignant mesothelioma.
The chemotherapeutic agents can be administered either systemically (in the blood stream) or intrapleurally (in the pleural cavity itself.) These cytotoxic drugs are very potent and can have many severe side effects which you should discuss with your doctor.
Further Resources
Understanding Chemotherapy - detailed information on chemotherapy, its side effects and current research
University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center's information page on chemotherapy
Search the National Cancer Institute web site for current chemotherapy trials.
Malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum is both rare and difficult to treat. Peritoneal perfusion chemotherapy has recently been used in patients with secondary peritoneal carcinomatosis with promising results. See E. De Bree, et al. - Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma treated by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion chemotherapy", in Annals of Oncology, 11:753-756.
A study comparing standard combination chemotherapy with infusional carboplatin. See White, S.C., et al. - "Randomized phase II study of cisplatin-etoposide versus infusional carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma" in Annals of Oncology, February 2000; 11(2):201-206.
Specific Mesothelioma Drug / Chemotherapy Treatments:
Alimta (pemetrexed)
Lovastatin
Megace
Onconase
Vinorelbine
source : http://www.mesothelioma-facts.com
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Treatment - Dr. Robert N. Taub
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Research- H. Richard Alexander, MD
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Treatment - Dr. Raja Flores
Pleural Mesothelioma Treatment Via Surgical Options - Robert Kratzke, MD
This traditional approach uses special anti-cancer (cytotoxic) medicines and chemicals to try to kill the malignant cells. Often, it is offered as an additional therapy alongside radical surgery and/or in combination with radiation therapy or immunotherapy, particularly when the cancer has spread beyond an operable area. Many drugs have been tried; however all have met with only limited success against malignant mesothelioma.
The chemotherapeutic agents can be administered either systemically (in the blood stream) or intrapleurally (in the pleural cavity itself.) These cytotoxic drugs are very potent and can have many severe side effects which you should discuss with your doctor.
Further Resources
Understanding Chemotherapy - detailed information on chemotherapy, its side effects and current research
University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center's information page on chemotherapy
Search the National Cancer Institute web site for current chemotherapy trials.
Malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum is both rare and difficult to treat. Peritoneal perfusion chemotherapy has recently been used in patients with secondary peritoneal carcinomatosis with promising results. See E. De Bree, et al. - Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma treated by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion chemotherapy", in Annals of Oncology, 11:753-756.
A study comparing standard combination chemotherapy with infusional carboplatin. See White, S.C., et al. - "Randomized phase II study of cisplatin-etoposide versus infusional carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma" in Annals of Oncology, February 2000; 11(2):201-206.
Specific Mesothelioma Drug / Chemotherapy Treatments:
Alimta (pemetrexed)
Lovastatin
Megace
Onconase
Vinorelbine
source : http://www.mesothelioma-facts.com
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Treatment - Dr. Robert N. Taub
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Research- H. Richard Alexander, MD
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Treatment - Dr. Raja Flores
Pleural Mesothelioma Treatment Via Surgical Options - Robert Kratzke, MD
Mesothelioma Treatment: Photodynamic Therapy Is the Subject of Clinical Trials
Photodynamic therapy or PDT uses laser light to kill cancer cells. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved its use for non–small cell lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus. However, photodynamic therapy is in the early experimental stages as a possible mesothelioma treatment.
How Photodynamic Therapy Works
The patient receives a photosensitizing agent or photosensitizer, which is a drug that makes the cancer cells vulnerable and sensitive to light of specific wavelengths. The photosensitizer collects in the cancerous cells. Depending upon its type, the photosensitizer either does not collect in the healthy cells or is eliminated from these cells more rapidly than from the cancer cells.
After the cancer cells have been sensitized, fiber–optic cables are placed in the body (usually through open–chest surgery) in order to focus light of just the right frequency on the tumor. This causes the photosensitizer to react with oxygen to produce a toxic molecule that kills the cancer cell.
Mesothelioma Clinical Trials Using Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy has been used on an experimental basis during surgery to help prevent the recurrence of mesothelioma cancer in the lining of the lungs or pleura. In one clinical trial of 26 patients, photodynamic therapy was combined with either of two types of surgery—a pleurectomy or an extrapleural pneumonectomy (Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Mar; 75(3): 952–9). A pleurectomy is the removal of lining of the lung or pleura. The more extensive extrapleural pneumonectomy involves removal of both the lung and pleura. The photosensitizer was Foscan (meta–tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin, mTHPC).
The clinical trial sought to establish a safe dose of Foscan and determine side effects. These included skin wounds as well as sensitivity to light some time after treatment. More studies must be done before concluding that Foscan and photodynamic therapy would be a useful and safe mesothelioma treatment.
The researchers pointed out that the use of photodynamic therapy might allow some patients to undergo a lung–sparing pleurectomy rather than the more invasive extrapleural pneumonectomy. Currently, other studies are exploring the interaction of surgery and photodynamic therapy using the photosensitizer porfimer sodium, a drug commonly used in photodynamic treatment of non–small cell lung cancer that affects the bronchi.
source: http://www.mesotheliomasite.com
How Photodynamic Therapy Works
The patient receives a photosensitizing agent or photosensitizer, which is a drug that makes the cancer cells vulnerable and sensitive to light of specific wavelengths. The photosensitizer collects in the cancerous cells. Depending upon its type, the photosensitizer either does not collect in the healthy cells or is eliminated from these cells more rapidly than from the cancer cells.
After the cancer cells have been sensitized, fiber–optic cables are placed in the body (usually through open–chest surgery) in order to focus light of just the right frequency on the tumor. This causes the photosensitizer to react with oxygen to produce a toxic molecule that kills the cancer cell.
Mesothelioma Clinical Trials Using Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy has been used on an experimental basis during surgery to help prevent the recurrence of mesothelioma cancer in the lining of the lungs or pleura. In one clinical trial of 26 patients, photodynamic therapy was combined with either of two types of surgery—a pleurectomy or an extrapleural pneumonectomy (Ann Thorac Surg. 2003 Mar; 75(3): 952–9). A pleurectomy is the removal of lining of the lung or pleura. The more extensive extrapleural pneumonectomy involves removal of both the lung and pleura. The photosensitizer was Foscan (meta–tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin, mTHPC).
The clinical trial sought to establish a safe dose of Foscan and determine side effects. These included skin wounds as well as sensitivity to light some time after treatment. More studies must be done before concluding that Foscan and photodynamic therapy would be a useful and safe mesothelioma treatment.
The researchers pointed out that the use of photodynamic therapy might allow some patients to undergo a lung–sparing pleurectomy rather than the more invasive extrapleural pneumonectomy. Currently, other studies are exploring the interaction of surgery and photodynamic therapy using the photosensitizer porfimer sodium, a drug commonly used in photodynamic treatment of non–small cell lung cancer that affects the bronchi.
source: http://www.mesotheliomasite.com
MESOTHELIOMA TREATMENT OPTIONS
MESOTHELIOMA TREATMENT OPTIONS
The treatment program for mesothelioma depends on many factors, including: the stage of the cancer, where the cancer is, how far the cancer has spread, how the cancer cells look under the microscope and the patient’s age and desires.
TIME MATTERS
People diagnosed with this disease are often told the expected survival rate is only eight to twelve months. However, specialists in treating malignant mesothelioma at the leading cancer centers often have better statistics.
For instance, the five-year survival rate has approached 40% for selected patients of Dr. David Sugarbaker at Brigham and Women’s Center in Boston. To qualify for Dr. Sugarbaker’s treatment you must meet certain criteria. One of them is being in the early stages of the disease, so time is of the essence. To find out more about Dr. Sugarbaker and other physicians and cancer centers specializing in mesothelioma click on Finding Specialists.
Keeping track of your medical treatment is useful and a personal medical records file can help.
TRADITIONAL CARE
There are three traditional kinds of treatment for patients with malignant mesothelioma:
Surgery (taking out the cancer)
Chemotherapy (using drugs to fight the cancer)
Radiation Therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
Often two or more of these are combined in the course of treatment. (NEW! Click here for the newest trial of trimodal lung-sparing treatment for pleural mesothelioma: The Columbia Protocol.)
MESOMARK BLOOD TEST
In January 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the MESOMARK assay to help monitor response to treatment in epithelial and bi-phasic malignant mesothelioma patients. A specific protein, or biomarker, called Soluble Mesothelin-Related Peptide (SMRP), may be released into the blood by mesothelioma cancer cells. By measuring the amount of SMRP in a blood sample, doctors may be able to better monitor a patient's progress. Based on the limited amount of data currently available, use of this test may be beneficial, but effectiveness has not been determined at this time. The MESOMARK blood test has NOT yet been approved for the early diagnosis of mesothelioma.
This test has been approved as a Humanitarian Use Device (HUD), meaning that physicians must follow certain procedures to qualify their patients for testing. Once the physician is certified, informational brochures will be sent to be distributed to each applicable patient.
Those wishing to take part in
MESOMARK testing will be asked to provide one or more samples of blood. The blood samples will then be sent to a national reference laboratory for testing. In conjunction with other clinical and laboratory data obtained by your doctor, decisions regarding your treatment and care may be simplified. You may discontinue testing at any time.
The costs associated with the MESOMARK blood test may not be covered under health insurance, therefore, you may be required to pay all or part of the costs out of pocket. It is recommended that you check with your insurance carrier to determine whether coverage is available under your policy.
SURGERY
Diagnostic Procedures
As previously mentioned in the "Symptoms" section of this website, a diagnosis of mesothelioma from fluid is many times inconclusive. Given this fact, diagnostic surgery becomes a necessary next step in confirming and staging mesothelioma.
Thoracoscopy enables a physician to evaluate the pleural cavity and to conduct multiple tissue biopsies under direct vision. In up to 98% of cases, a definitive diagnosis can be obtained. Often, chemical pleurodesis aimed at relieving the accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural space, can be accomplished during the same procedure. It is also possible to gauge the extent of the tumor, and make a determination of surgical resectability. While less invasive than an open biopsy, it can only be performed on patients where tumor has not obliterated the pleural space.
VATS, or video-assisted thoracic surgery is an alternative to thoracoscopy, although because of its more invasive nature, concerns of tumor seeding increase. By utilizing small incisions, the physician can view the pleural space with the assistance of a camera, and obtain sufficient tissue samples for analysis by a pathologist. Extent of the tumor (i.e., pleural involvement, chest wall invasion) may also determined, and recommendation as to the type of debulking procedure necessary can be made at this time.
Mediastinoscopy is sometimes used as an aid in staging extent of disease when enlarged nodes are seen using imaging techniques.
Laproscopy is used in mesothelioma patients in cases where imaging techniques suggest possible invasion of the tumor through the diaphragm. This information can be important in evaluating a patient for potential pleurectomy or extrapleural pneumonectomy.
Palliative Procedures
Palliative surgical procedures are those which treat a symptom of mesothelioma, without aggressively treating the disease itself.
Chest Tube Drainage and Pleurodesis is considered the most common of palliative treatments. Fluid build-up, or pleural effusion, is most often the first symptom which will prompt mesothelioma patients to seek medical attention. Once this effusion has occurred, it is many times persistent, returning rapidly after initial thoracentesis (draining of the fluid). In order to eliminate this problem, the pleural space must be closed. This is accomplished by use of a talc slurry or other sclerosing agent which produces an adhesion.
Thoracoscopy and Pleurodesis is done in conjunction with VATS using a powdered form of talc versus talc slurry. Both this and chest tube drainage and pleurodesis will be only effective if there is no tumor encasing the lung which restricts its expansion.
Pleuroperitoneal Shunt plays a limited role in palliation for several reasons. It involves placement of a catheter run under the skin from the pleural to the peritoneal cavity. Obstruction of the catheter and possible seeding of the tumor into the abdominal cavity may be concerns.
Pleurectomy, used as a palliative procedure, may be performed where more extensive surgery is not an option. In these cases, it is understood that all visible or gross tumor will not be removed. It is considered the most effective means of controlling pleural effusion in cases where the lung's expansion is restricted by disease.
Potentially Curative Procedures
These procedures are performed with "curative intent". Their goal is removal of all gross disease, with the knowledge that microscopic disease will most likely remain. Adjuvant therapy (another form of treatment in addition to the primary therapy) is typically aimed at eliminating residual disease.
For Pleural Mesothelioma:
Pleurectomy/Decortication is usually performed on patients with early stage disease (Stage I and selected Stage II), and attempts to remove all gross tumor. If it is found that all tumor can not be removed without removing the lung, this may be done at the same time and is called pneumonectomy.
Extrapleural Pneumonectomy is considerably more radical than other surgical approaches, and should be carried out by surgeons with great expertise in evaluating patients and performing the procedure itself. (See Finding Specialists.) Because in the past surgery alone has failed to effect a cure, or even to help prolong life for any extended period of time, it is currently being combined with traditional chemotherapy and/or radiation, or other new approaches such as gene therapy, immunotherapy or photodynamic therapy.
General Patient Selection Criteria for Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
Extrapleural pneumonectomy is a serious operation, and doctors experienced in this procedure choose their patients carefully. It is up to each individual surgeon to advise the patient on its feasibility and to conduct whatever tests he/she feel are necessary to optimize the patient's chances for survival and recovery. Following is a general list of patient selection criteria. This list may not be all inclusive, and may vary according to the preference of the surgeon.
Karnofsky Performance Status score of >70. This score relates to what symptoms of disease the patient may be experiencing and how well they are able to conduct their daily activities. Some surgeons may require a higher performance status than others.
Adequate renal (kidney) and liver function tests; no significant kidney or liver disease.
Normal cardiac function per electrocardiogram and echocardiography.
Adequate pulmonary function to tolerate the surgery.
Disease limited to the ipsilateral hemithorax (the same side of the chest in which the mesothelioma is located) with no penetration of the diaphragm, extension to the heart or extensive involvement of the chest wall.
Age of the patient is taken into consideration, but may not be as important as their overall status.
Surgeries of this nature should always be done with a complete understanding of the possible benefits and risks involved. If you are considering surgery as a treatment option, speak openly with your doctor about your concerns, and be sure all of your questions are answered to your satisfaction.
For Peritoneal Mesothelioma:
Cytoreductive Surgery is aimed at removing all or nearly all of the gross or visible tumor in the peritoneal cavity. In order to treat any remaining cancer cells, Intra-Peritoneal Hyperthermic (heated) Chemotherapy (IPHC) is then delivered to the abdominal cavity. The type of chemotherapy drug used may vary according to the physician’s preference. Click here for more on treatment of peritoneal mesothelioma.
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CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy is defined as the treatment of cancer using chemical substances. When cancer occurs, abnormal cells continue to divide uncontrolled. Anticancer, or chemotherapy drugs, work to destroy cancer cells by preventing them from multiplying. Read more on types of chemotherapy medicines.
Purposes of Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy may be used to achieve different goals, depending on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the age and health of the patient. Since chemotherapy for mesothelioma is not considered "curative", the goal is:
To control the cancer by stopping its spread or slowing its growth.
To shrink tumors prior to other treatments, such as surgery. This is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
To destroy microscopic disease which may remain after surgery. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy.
To relieve symptoms, such as pain. This is called palliative chemotherapy, and is given in cases when a drastic reduction in the tumor is not expected.
The most common use for chemotherapy in mesothelioma patients, is as an option for those who are not surgical candidates, however, various cancer centers are now conducting trials using the neoadjuvant approach. Alimta (pemetrexed) is a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use with Cisplatin in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma whose disease is either unresectable or who are not candidates for curative surgery. Alimta is the first drug approval specific to mesothelioma.
The Alimta/Cisplatin chemotherapy regimen is the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment specifically for malignant pleural mesothelioma. This is currently considered the most effective first-line treatment for mesothelioma patients who are not surgical candidates. A multi-targeted antifolate drug, Alimta works by blocking the enzymes necessary for DNA copying and cell division. During the clinical trial process, Alimta/Cisplatin improved median survival for pleural mesothelioma patients by approximately three months over treatment with Cisplatin as a single agent. Eli Lilly's information on treatment with Alimta.
As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the use of Alimta with your doctor. This conversation should include all pertinent information regarding effectiveness, administration and possible side effects of the drug combination. It is also important to begin vitamin supplementation of B12 by injection during the week prior to treatment (to be repeated every 9 weeks), and folic acid by mouth daily (to be continued until 21 days after the last cycle of Alimta). Additionally, you will be given an oral steroid medication to minimize the risk of skin rash or other possible side effects. Your doctor will have information on the correct dosages of each medication. Be sure to tell your doctor of any other medications you are taking (including non-prescription drugs) so he may be aware of any adverse interactions.
Alimta/Cisplatin is administered to patients on an outpatient basis every 21 days. This cycle of treatment involves a 10-minute IV infusion of Alimta followed by a 2 hour infusion of Cisplatin. How many cycles of treatment you receive will be dependent on your response rate to the drug (regression of the tumor or halt to progression of the disease) and the side effects you might experience.
Side effects of Alimta/Cisplatin are mild to moderate for most mesothelioma patients, i.e., nausea, vomiting and fatigue, and can usually be managed by your doctor. For some patients, however, side effects may be debilitating, and may require a decrease in dosage or removal from the program. All potential side effects should be mentioned to your doctor. Never assume any complaint is minor.
Administration of Chemotherapy
The most common way to administer chemotherapy is intravenously, or through a vein. A thin needle is inserted into a vein in the hand or in the lower arm. Intravenous administration of drugs allows for rapid entry into the blood stream. Drugs may also be delivered via catheters and/or ports.
Catheters are soft, thin, flexible tubes placed into a large vein in the body. They remain in place for as long as they are needed.
The catheter may sometimes be attached to a port, a small round plastic or metal disc placed under the skin on the chest. Ports also remain in place for as long as necessary.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy may also be delivered through a catheter or a port. The catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall. Chemotherapy drugs can then be infused directly into the abdominal cavity. Ports may also be placed under the skin of the abdominal wall and the catheter tunneled between the skin and muscle into the peritoneum.
Frequently asked questions about being a chemotherapy patient.
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Cancer cells grow and divide more rapidly than normal cells, but some normal cells also multiply quickly, particularly those in the digestive tract, reproduction system, and hair follicles. It is the damage done to normal cells that causes side effects. The type of side effects you might experience and how severe they are, depend on the type of chemotherapy you are receiving, the dosage given and how your own body reacts. Before beginning any chemotherapy treatment, you will be asked to sign a consent form. Before signing the form, be sure your doctor informs you of all the facts regarding the treatment he/she will be administering, including information about the particular drug or combination of drugs to be used, the possible risks or side effects (including nausea and vomiting and peripheral neuropathy), the number of treatments you will receive and how often, and whether it will be given during a hospital stay or on an outpatient basis. More on vomiting and nausea from chemotherapy. More on peripheral neuropathy. More on anti-nausea treatment for chemotherapy patients.
Click here if you are interested in learning more about chemotherapy for mesothelioma and the types of questions you should ask your doctor.
Chemotherapy Schedules
How often you will receive chemotherapy will be determined by your doctor, taking into consideration factors such as the stage of your cancer, the types of drugs you receive, the anticipated toxicities of the drugs and the time necessary for your body to recover from these toxicities. The doctor may also consider whether the goal of the chemotherapy is to control the growth of the cancer, or to ease symptoms associated with the disease.
In general, chemotherapy treatment is administered in "cycles" — a "cycle" being defined as a period of treatment followed by a period of rest. This cycle allows the cancer cells to be attacked by the drugs, and then allows the body's normal cells time to recover. The combination of drugs used, the length of time to administer the drugs, how often they should be repeated and the number of cycles recommended have been analyzed throughly in clinical trials. For mesothelioma patients, the "standard" treatment is a combination of Alimta and cisplatin, administered IV, with a 10 minute infusion of Alimta followed by two hours of cisplatin, given in 21 day cycles. Modifications to this schedule may be made according to what your doctor feels is appropriate in your particular case.
The number of treatment cycles, or the length of time between the beginning and end of chemotherapy may vary, however in general, 3 to 4 cycles of treatment are given before response is evaluated; 2 to 3 cycles are considered a minimum to assess for effectiveness. After response to the treatment has been determined, the following criteria will be used to decide whether chemotherapy should continue:
If there is shrinkage of the tumor, or the disease is kept stable, chemotherapy may be continued for as long as it can be tolerated and there is no disease progression.
If there is continued disease progression, chemotherapy will be stopped, and the patient will be given alternative options.
The goal of setting a chemotherapy schedule is to make treatment as effective, timely and trouble-free as possible, but while the drugs are working to kill cancer cells, they may also affect healthy cells causing side effects. One of the most common side effects, and one your doctor will monitor carefully, is a chemotherapy-induced low white blood cell count (neutropenia) which means your immune system is weakened, therefore leaving you more prone to infection. While this side effect is anticipated when someone is undergoing chemotherapy, it can cause delays in your treatment schedule, or changes in the dosage of the drugs you will receive. Click here for more on understanding your blood counts.
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Note to Patients:
Chemotherapy treatment should be a cooperative effort between you and your doctor. The interaction that takes place is important to your health. It will not only help you feel better, but will also address any potential problems with miscommunication.
It is necessary for your doctor to be aware of any side effects which may result from your chemotherapy treatment.
These may include:
Fever of, or greater than 101 degrees
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea or constipation
Fatigue
Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes
Ringing in the ears
Bruises or rashes
Sores in the mouth or throat
Taking other medication of any kind can alter the effects of chemotherapy or cause undesirable interactions.
Be sure you report all over-the-counter and prescribed medicines to your doctor. Don’t take aspirin unless it has been approved by your doctor. Ask your pharmacist if aspirin is contained in any drugs you plan to purchase.
Take extra care with your daily health.
Try to maintain a stable weight by eating a healthy diet and drinking plenty of fluids. If your stomach is upset, ask your doctor for helpful hints or work with a nutritionist who can tailor a program to your needs. Brush your teeth after every meal, or if you can’t brush, rinse your mouth thoroughly with water.
Stay away from people who have colds or the flu. Chemotherapy can compromise your immune system and lower your resistance to germs. Make sure you keep appointments for blood work – these tests help your doctor monitor your health.
Be open about your feelings regarding your treatment.
It is normal to feel sad, angry or afraid, however, letting these emotions get out of control can be detrimental to your overall well-being. Seek out the help of family, friends, your doctor, a counselor or a support group.
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, treats cancer by using penetrating beams of high energy or streams of particles called radiation. In treating mesothelioma, radiation may be used aggressively in combination with surgery, or palliatively to control symptoms.
In an aggressive combined modality approach, radiation is used to attack microscopic or residual disease remaining in the chest cavity after extrapleural pnuemonectomy. An example of this is Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), which uses x-rays of varying intensities in conjunction with computer generated images to deliver targeted radiation directly to cancer cells while reducing the amount of radiation to surrounding healthy tissue. More on Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT).
Used palliatively, radiation can help control metastases (spread) of the tumor along tracks left by invasive procedures such as thoracoscopy, needle biopsy and chest tube drainage, or to control disease symptoms, such as pain or shortness of breath.
An exciting new development in radiation oncology is tomotherapy. A brief description of steps in the helical tomotherapy process.
source: http://www.mesotheliomaweb.org
The treatment program for mesothelioma depends on many factors, including: the stage of the cancer, where the cancer is, how far the cancer has spread, how the cancer cells look under the microscope and the patient’s age and desires.
TIME MATTERS
People diagnosed with this disease are often told the expected survival rate is only eight to twelve months. However, specialists in treating malignant mesothelioma at the leading cancer centers often have better statistics.
For instance, the five-year survival rate has approached 40% for selected patients of Dr. David Sugarbaker at Brigham and Women’s Center in Boston. To qualify for Dr. Sugarbaker’s treatment you must meet certain criteria. One of them is being in the early stages of the disease, so time is of the essence. To find out more about Dr. Sugarbaker and other physicians and cancer centers specializing in mesothelioma click on Finding Specialists.
Keeping track of your medical treatment is useful and a personal medical records file can help.
TRADITIONAL CARE
There are three traditional kinds of treatment for patients with malignant mesothelioma:
Surgery (taking out the cancer)
Chemotherapy (using drugs to fight the cancer)
Radiation Therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
Often two or more of these are combined in the course of treatment. (NEW! Click here for the newest trial of trimodal lung-sparing treatment for pleural mesothelioma: The Columbia Protocol.)
MESOMARK BLOOD TEST
In January 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the MESOMARK assay to help monitor response to treatment in epithelial and bi-phasic malignant mesothelioma patients. A specific protein, or biomarker, called Soluble Mesothelin-Related Peptide (SMRP), may be released into the blood by mesothelioma cancer cells. By measuring the amount of SMRP in a blood sample, doctors may be able to better monitor a patient's progress. Based on the limited amount of data currently available, use of this test may be beneficial, but effectiveness has not been determined at this time. The MESOMARK blood test has NOT yet been approved for the early diagnosis of mesothelioma.
This test has been approved as a Humanitarian Use Device (HUD), meaning that physicians must follow certain procedures to qualify their patients for testing. Once the physician is certified, informational brochures will be sent to be distributed to each applicable patient.
Those wishing to take part in
MESOMARK testing will be asked to provide one or more samples of blood. The blood samples will then be sent to a national reference laboratory for testing. In conjunction with other clinical and laboratory data obtained by your doctor, decisions regarding your treatment and care may be simplified. You may discontinue testing at any time.
The costs associated with the MESOMARK blood test may not be covered under health insurance, therefore, you may be required to pay all or part of the costs out of pocket. It is recommended that you check with your insurance carrier to determine whether coverage is available under your policy.
SURGERY
Diagnostic Procedures
As previously mentioned in the "Symptoms" section of this website, a diagnosis of mesothelioma from fluid is many times inconclusive. Given this fact, diagnostic surgery becomes a necessary next step in confirming and staging mesothelioma.
Thoracoscopy enables a physician to evaluate the pleural cavity and to conduct multiple tissue biopsies under direct vision. In up to 98% of cases, a definitive diagnosis can be obtained. Often, chemical pleurodesis aimed at relieving the accumulation of fluid in the intrapleural space, can be accomplished during the same procedure. It is also possible to gauge the extent of the tumor, and make a determination of surgical resectability. While less invasive than an open biopsy, it can only be performed on patients where tumor has not obliterated the pleural space.
VATS, or video-assisted thoracic surgery is an alternative to thoracoscopy, although because of its more invasive nature, concerns of tumor seeding increase. By utilizing small incisions, the physician can view the pleural space with the assistance of a camera, and obtain sufficient tissue samples for analysis by a pathologist. Extent of the tumor (i.e., pleural involvement, chest wall invasion) may also determined, and recommendation as to the type of debulking procedure necessary can be made at this time.
Mediastinoscopy is sometimes used as an aid in staging extent of disease when enlarged nodes are seen using imaging techniques.
Laproscopy is used in mesothelioma patients in cases where imaging techniques suggest possible invasion of the tumor through the diaphragm. This information can be important in evaluating a patient for potential pleurectomy or extrapleural pneumonectomy.
Palliative Procedures
Palliative surgical procedures are those which treat a symptom of mesothelioma, without aggressively treating the disease itself.
Chest Tube Drainage and Pleurodesis is considered the most common of palliative treatments. Fluid build-up, or pleural effusion, is most often the first symptom which will prompt mesothelioma patients to seek medical attention. Once this effusion has occurred, it is many times persistent, returning rapidly after initial thoracentesis (draining of the fluid). In order to eliminate this problem, the pleural space must be closed. This is accomplished by use of a talc slurry or other sclerosing agent which produces an adhesion.
Thoracoscopy and Pleurodesis is done in conjunction with VATS using a powdered form of talc versus talc slurry. Both this and chest tube drainage and pleurodesis will be only effective if there is no tumor encasing the lung which restricts its expansion.
Pleuroperitoneal Shunt plays a limited role in palliation for several reasons. It involves placement of a catheter run under the skin from the pleural to the peritoneal cavity. Obstruction of the catheter and possible seeding of the tumor into the abdominal cavity may be concerns.
Pleurectomy, used as a palliative procedure, may be performed where more extensive surgery is not an option. In these cases, it is understood that all visible or gross tumor will not be removed. It is considered the most effective means of controlling pleural effusion in cases where the lung's expansion is restricted by disease.
Potentially Curative Procedures
These procedures are performed with "curative intent". Their goal is removal of all gross disease, with the knowledge that microscopic disease will most likely remain. Adjuvant therapy (another form of treatment in addition to the primary therapy) is typically aimed at eliminating residual disease.
For Pleural Mesothelioma:
Pleurectomy/Decortication is usually performed on patients with early stage disease (Stage I and selected Stage II), and attempts to remove all gross tumor. If it is found that all tumor can not be removed without removing the lung, this may be done at the same time and is called pneumonectomy.
Extrapleural Pneumonectomy is considerably more radical than other surgical approaches, and should be carried out by surgeons with great expertise in evaluating patients and performing the procedure itself. (See Finding Specialists.) Because in the past surgery alone has failed to effect a cure, or even to help prolong life for any extended period of time, it is currently being combined with traditional chemotherapy and/or radiation, or other new approaches such as gene therapy, immunotherapy or photodynamic therapy.
General Patient Selection Criteria for Extrapleural Pneumonectomy
Extrapleural pneumonectomy is a serious operation, and doctors experienced in this procedure choose their patients carefully. It is up to each individual surgeon to advise the patient on its feasibility and to conduct whatever tests he/she feel are necessary to optimize the patient's chances for survival and recovery. Following is a general list of patient selection criteria. This list may not be all inclusive, and may vary according to the preference of the surgeon.
Karnofsky Performance Status score of >70. This score relates to what symptoms of disease the patient may be experiencing and how well they are able to conduct their daily activities. Some surgeons may require a higher performance status than others.
Adequate renal (kidney) and liver function tests; no significant kidney or liver disease.
Normal cardiac function per electrocardiogram and echocardiography.
Adequate pulmonary function to tolerate the surgery.
Disease limited to the ipsilateral hemithorax (the same side of the chest in which the mesothelioma is located) with no penetration of the diaphragm, extension to the heart or extensive involvement of the chest wall.
Age of the patient is taken into consideration, but may not be as important as their overall status.
Surgeries of this nature should always be done with a complete understanding of the possible benefits and risks involved. If you are considering surgery as a treatment option, speak openly with your doctor about your concerns, and be sure all of your questions are answered to your satisfaction.
For Peritoneal Mesothelioma:
Cytoreductive Surgery is aimed at removing all or nearly all of the gross or visible tumor in the peritoneal cavity. In order to treat any remaining cancer cells, Intra-Peritoneal Hyperthermic (heated) Chemotherapy (IPHC) is then delivered to the abdominal cavity. The type of chemotherapy drug used may vary according to the physician’s preference. Click here for more on treatment of peritoneal mesothelioma.
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CHEMOTHERAPY
Chemotherapy is defined as the treatment of cancer using chemical substances. When cancer occurs, abnormal cells continue to divide uncontrolled. Anticancer, or chemotherapy drugs, work to destroy cancer cells by preventing them from multiplying. Read more on types of chemotherapy medicines.
Purposes of Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy may be used to achieve different goals, depending on the stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis and the age and health of the patient. Since chemotherapy for mesothelioma is not considered "curative", the goal is:
To control the cancer by stopping its spread or slowing its growth.
To shrink tumors prior to other treatments, such as surgery. This is called neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
To destroy microscopic disease which may remain after surgery. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy.
To relieve symptoms, such as pain. This is called palliative chemotherapy, and is given in cases when a drastic reduction in the tumor is not expected.
The most common use for chemotherapy in mesothelioma patients, is as an option for those who are not surgical candidates, however, various cancer centers are now conducting trials using the neoadjuvant approach. Alimta (pemetrexed) is a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use with Cisplatin in the treatment of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma whose disease is either unresectable or who are not candidates for curative surgery. Alimta is the first drug approval specific to mesothelioma.
The Alimta/Cisplatin chemotherapy regimen is the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment specifically for malignant pleural mesothelioma. This is currently considered the most effective first-line treatment for mesothelioma patients who are not surgical candidates. A multi-targeted antifolate drug, Alimta works by blocking the enzymes necessary for DNA copying and cell division. During the clinical trial process, Alimta/Cisplatin improved median survival for pleural mesothelioma patients by approximately three months over treatment with Cisplatin as a single agent. Eli Lilly's information on treatment with Alimta.
As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the use of Alimta with your doctor. This conversation should include all pertinent information regarding effectiveness, administration and possible side effects of the drug combination. It is also important to begin vitamin supplementation of B12 by injection during the week prior to treatment (to be repeated every 9 weeks), and folic acid by mouth daily (to be continued until 21 days after the last cycle of Alimta). Additionally, you will be given an oral steroid medication to minimize the risk of skin rash or other possible side effects. Your doctor will have information on the correct dosages of each medication. Be sure to tell your doctor of any other medications you are taking (including non-prescription drugs) so he may be aware of any adverse interactions.
Alimta/Cisplatin is administered to patients on an outpatient basis every 21 days. This cycle of treatment involves a 10-minute IV infusion of Alimta followed by a 2 hour infusion of Cisplatin. How many cycles of treatment you receive will be dependent on your response rate to the drug (regression of the tumor or halt to progression of the disease) and the side effects you might experience.
Side effects of Alimta/Cisplatin are mild to moderate for most mesothelioma patients, i.e., nausea, vomiting and fatigue, and can usually be managed by your doctor. For some patients, however, side effects may be debilitating, and may require a decrease in dosage or removal from the program. All potential side effects should be mentioned to your doctor. Never assume any complaint is minor.
Administration of Chemotherapy
The most common way to administer chemotherapy is intravenously, or through a vein. A thin needle is inserted into a vein in the hand or in the lower arm. Intravenous administration of drugs allows for rapid entry into the blood stream. Drugs may also be delivered via catheters and/or ports.
Catheters are soft, thin, flexible tubes placed into a large vein in the body. They remain in place for as long as they are needed.
The catheter may sometimes be attached to a port, a small round plastic or metal disc placed under the skin on the chest. Ports also remain in place for as long as necessary.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy may also be delivered through a catheter or a port. The catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall. Chemotherapy drugs can then be infused directly into the abdominal cavity. Ports may also be placed under the skin of the abdominal wall and the catheter tunneled between the skin and muscle into the peritoneum.
Frequently asked questions about being a chemotherapy patient.
Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Cancer cells grow and divide more rapidly than normal cells, but some normal cells also multiply quickly, particularly those in the digestive tract, reproduction system, and hair follicles. It is the damage done to normal cells that causes side effects. The type of side effects you might experience and how severe they are, depend on the type of chemotherapy you are receiving, the dosage given and how your own body reacts. Before beginning any chemotherapy treatment, you will be asked to sign a consent form. Before signing the form, be sure your doctor informs you of all the facts regarding the treatment he/she will be administering, including information about the particular drug or combination of drugs to be used, the possible risks or side effects (including nausea and vomiting and peripheral neuropathy), the number of treatments you will receive and how often, and whether it will be given during a hospital stay or on an outpatient basis. More on vomiting and nausea from chemotherapy. More on peripheral neuropathy. More on anti-nausea treatment for chemotherapy patients.
Click here if you are interested in learning more about chemotherapy for mesothelioma and the types of questions you should ask your doctor.
Chemotherapy Schedules
How often you will receive chemotherapy will be determined by your doctor, taking into consideration factors such as the stage of your cancer, the types of drugs you receive, the anticipated toxicities of the drugs and the time necessary for your body to recover from these toxicities. The doctor may also consider whether the goal of the chemotherapy is to control the growth of the cancer, or to ease symptoms associated with the disease.
In general, chemotherapy treatment is administered in "cycles" — a "cycle" being defined as a period of treatment followed by a period of rest. This cycle allows the cancer cells to be attacked by the drugs, and then allows the body's normal cells time to recover. The combination of drugs used, the length of time to administer the drugs, how often they should be repeated and the number of cycles recommended have been analyzed throughly in clinical trials. For mesothelioma patients, the "standard" treatment is a combination of Alimta and cisplatin, administered IV, with a 10 minute infusion of Alimta followed by two hours of cisplatin, given in 21 day cycles. Modifications to this schedule may be made according to what your doctor feels is appropriate in your particular case.
The number of treatment cycles, or the length of time between the beginning and end of chemotherapy may vary, however in general, 3 to 4 cycles of treatment are given before response is evaluated; 2 to 3 cycles are considered a minimum to assess for effectiveness. After response to the treatment has been determined, the following criteria will be used to decide whether chemotherapy should continue:
If there is shrinkage of the tumor, or the disease is kept stable, chemotherapy may be continued for as long as it can be tolerated and there is no disease progression.
If there is continued disease progression, chemotherapy will be stopped, and the patient will be given alternative options.
The goal of setting a chemotherapy schedule is to make treatment as effective, timely and trouble-free as possible, but while the drugs are working to kill cancer cells, they may also affect healthy cells causing side effects. One of the most common side effects, and one your doctor will monitor carefully, is a chemotherapy-induced low white blood cell count (neutropenia) which means your immune system is weakened, therefore leaving you more prone to infection. While this side effect is anticipated when someone is undergoing chemotherapy, it can cause delays in your treatment schedule, or changes in the dosage of the drugs you will receive. Click here for more on understanding your blood counts.
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Note to Patients:
Chemotherapy treatment should be a cooperative effort between you and your doctor. The interaction that takes place is important to your health. It will not only help you feel better, but will also address any potential problems with miscommunication.
It is necessary for your doctor to be aware of any side effects which may result from your chemotherapy treatment.
These may include:
Fever of, or greater than 101 degrees
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea or constipation
Fatigue
Tingling or numbness in the fingers or toes
Ringing in the ears
Bruises or rashes
Sores in the mouth or throat
Taking other medication of any kind can alter the effects of chemotherapy or cause undesirable interactions.
Be sure you report all over-the-counter and prescribed medicines to your doctor. Don’t take aspirin unless it has been approved by your doctor. Ask your pharmacist if aspirin is contained in any drugs you plan to purchase.
Take extra care with your daily health.
Try to maintain a stable weight by eating a healthy diet and drinking plenty of fluids. If your stomach is upset, ask your doctor for helpful hints or work with a nutritionist who can tailor a program to your needs. Brush your teeth after every meal, or if you can’t brush, rinse your mouth thoroughly with water.
Stay away from people who have colds or the flu. Chemotherapy can compromise your immune system and lower your resistance to germs. Make sure you keep appointments for blood work – these tests help your doctor monitor your health.
Be open about your feelings regarding your treatment.
It is normal to feel sad, angry or afraid, however, letting these emotions get out of control can be detrimental to your overall well-being. Seek out the help of family, friends, your doctor, a counselor or a support group.
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, treats cancer by using penetrating beams of high energy or streams of particles called radiation. In treating mesothelioma, radiation may be used aggressively in combination with surgery, or palliatively to control symptoms.
In an aggressive combined modality approach, radiation is used to attack microscopic or residual disease remaining in the chest cavity after extrapleural pnuemonectomy. An example of this is Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), which uses x-rays of varying intensities in conjunction with computer generated images to deliver targeted radiation directly to cancer cells while reducing the amount of radiation to surrounding healthy tissue. More on Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT).
Used palliatively, radiation can help control metastases (spread) of the tumor along tracks left by invasive procedures such as thoracoscopy, needle biopsy and chest tube drainage, or to control disease symptoms, such as pain or shortness of breath.
An exciting new development in radiation oncology is tomotherapy. A brief description of steps in the helical tomotherapy process.
source: http://www.mesotheliomaweb.org
Mesothelioma Symptoms
When cancer begins in the membrane that surrounds the lungs, mesothelioma symptoms may include shortness of breath and pain in the chest or under the ribcage. If the cancer starts in the mesothelial tissue covering the organs in the abdominal cavity, symptoms such as weight loss and abdominal pain may develop. Sometimes, signs and symptoms will not appear until 30 to 50 years after initial exposure to asbestos.
Mesothelioma Signs and Symptoms: An Overview
Mesothelioma is a benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor that begins within the mesothelium, a protective lining surrounding most of the organs in the body. Most mesotheliomas begin within the pleura (the membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the wall of the chest cavity) or the peritoneum (the mesothelial tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity). Mesothelioma symptoms will vary, depending on where the tumor is located.
Pleural Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma symptoms are usually due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleura. These symptoms often include:
Shortness of breath
Pain in the chest or under the ribcage.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Symptoms
Peritoneal symptoms of mesothelioma may include:
Weight loss
Lumps in the abdomen
Abdominal (stomach) pain
Abdominal swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (stomach).
Other symptoms may also include:
Bowel obstruction
Blood-clotting abnormalities
Anemia
Fever.
Metastatic Mesothelioma Symptoms
If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include:
Pain
Trouble swallowing
Swelling of the neck or face.
Asbestos Exposure and Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Up to 90 percent of malignant mesothelioma cases are related to asbestos exposure. The risk for developing mesothelioma in those with heavy asbestos exposure is 7 to 10 percent. However, symptoms may not appear until 30 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos.
Mesothelioma Symptoms: Final Thoughts
The possible symptoms of mesothelioma described in this article are not sure signs of the disease. Other more common, less serious conditions can cause similar symptoms. If you are experiencing any possible mesothelioma symptoms, visit your healthcare provider so that the problem can be diagnosed and treated
Source:http://mesothelioma.emedtv.com/
Mesothelioma Symptoms and Diagnosis
Lung cancer real story
Lung Cancer - Just Stop It
Mesothelioma Signs and Symptoms: An Overview
Mesothelioma is a benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor that begins within the mesothelium, a protective lining surrounding most of the organs in the body. Most mesotheliomas begin within the pleura (the membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the wall of the chest cavity) or the peritoneum (the mesothelial tissue that covers most of the organs in the abdominal cavity). Mesothelioma symptoms will vary, depending on where the tumor is located.
Pleural Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Pleural mesothelioma symptoms are usually due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleura. These symptoms often include:
Shortness of breath
Pain in the chest or under the ribcage.
Peritoneal Mesothelioma Symptoms
Peritoneal symptoms of mesothelioma may include:
Weight loss
Lumps in the abdomen
Abdominal (stomach) pain
Abdominal swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen (stomach).
Other symptoms may also include:
Bowel obstruction
Blood-clotting abnormalities
Anemia
Fever.
Metastatic Mesothelioma Symptoms
If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include:
Pain
Trouble swallowing
Swelling of the neck or face.
Asbestos Exposure and Symptoms of Mesothelioma
Up to 90 percent of malignant mesothelioma cases are related to asbestos exposure. The risk for developing mesothelioma in those with heavy asbestos exposure is 7 to 10 percent. However, symptoms may not appear until 30 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos.
Mesothelioma Symptoms: Final Thoughts
The possible symptoms of mesothelioma described in this article are not sure signs of the disease. Other more common, less serious conditions can cause similar symptoms. If you are experiencing any possible mesothelioma symptoms, visit your healthcare provider so that the problem can be diagnosed and treated
Source:http://mesothelioma.emedtv.com/
Mesothelioma Symptoms and Diagnosis
Lung cancer real story
Lung Cancer - Just Stop It
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